MODERNISM
GENERAL INDRODUCTION
Modernism is the name given to the new forms that appeared in all of the arts-in painting, sculpture, architecture, music and litterature.
After the first world war, Europeans struggled to find a design direction that would be a true expression of the twentieth century a truly modern design.
The leaders of modernism were revolutionnaries not directly connected connected with politics.
Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social organization, activities of daily life, and even the sciences, were becoming ill-fitted to their tasks and outdated in the new economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world.
4 Architects are regarded as pioneers of modernism in design as they defined new directions with such clarity and force that they can be thought of as the originators of the ‘Modern Movment’
- Walter Gropuis (1881-1969)
- Ludwing Mies Van der Rohe (1886-1969)
- Le Corbusier (1887-1965)
- Franl Lloyd Wright
Their works were discribed as being in the intrnational style.
Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (1883 – 1969) was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School, who, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture.
Le Corbusier, (1887 – 1965), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture.
He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, with his buildings constructed throughout Europe, India, and the Americas.
During his career, Le Corbusier developed a set of architectural principles that dictated his technique, which he called «the Five Points of a New Architecture» and were most evident in his Villa Savoye. The five points are:
Pilotis – Replacement of supporting walls by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the structural load is the basis of the new aesthetic.
The free designing of the ground plan—the absence of supporting walls—means the house is unrestrained in its internal use.
The free design of the façade—separating the exterior of the building from its structural function—sets the façade free from structural constraints.
The horizontal window, which cuts the façade along its entire length, lights rooms equally.
Roof gardens on a flat roof can serve a domestic purpose while providing essential protection to the concrete roof.
It was Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye (1929–1931) that most succinctly summed up his five points of architecture that he had elucidated in his book Vers une architecture, which he had been developing throughout the 1920s. First, Le Corbusier lifted the bulk of the structure off the ground, supporting it by pilotis – reinforced concrete stilts. These pilotis, in providing the structural support for the house, allowed him to elucidate his next two points: a free façade, and an open floor plan. The second floor of the Villa Savoye includes long strips of ribbon windows that allow unencumbered views of the large surrounding yard, and constitute the fourth point of his system. The fifth point was the roof garden to compensate for the green area consumed by the building and replacing it on the roof. A ramp rising from ground level to the third floor roof terrace allows for an architectural promenade through the structure.
The leaders of modernism were revolutionnaries not directly connected connected with politics.
Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social organization, activities of daily life, and even the sciences, were becoming ill-fitted to their tasks and outdated in the new economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world.
4 Architects are regarded as pioneers of modernism in design as they defined new directions with such clarity and force that they can be thought of as the originators of the ‘Modern Movment’
- Walter Gropuis (1881-1969)
- Ludwing Mies Van der Rohe (1886-1969)
- Le Corbusier (1887-1965)
- Franl Lloyd Wright
Their works were discribed as being in the intrnational style.
WALTER GROPIUS :
«Architecture begins where the engineering ends»
It is a kind of mini-campus, students are housed on site.
The building has several entrances, there is never a single view of the building. We must go around the Bauhaus to understand its shape (reference to the Robie House by Frank Lloyd Wright) .
The building consists of two shaped body «L» giving it a dynamism, a form tending toward the rotation. This form rayon relative to a landscape .
There are principles of transparency but still mass notion .
The notion of dissolved angle , the angle is fully glazed .
The facades are detached from the structure that is internal.
Circulation spaces are between the structure and the facade.
The windows of the building students also have shaped openings «L» , one always finds this concept of dynamism.
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| CHAIR BY WALTER GROPIUS |
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| CHAIR BY WALTER GROPIUS |
LE CORBUSIER
He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, with his buildings constructed throughout Europe, India, and the Americas.
Le Corbusier’s Five Points of Architecture
Roof gardens on a flat roof can serve a domestic purpose while providing essential protection to the concrete roof.
La Villa Savoye
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